Disease resistance refers to the ability of an organism to limit the negative effects of a pathogen or other disease-causing agent. Organisms have evolved various methods to resist diseases.
Innate immunity provides basic defenses that are active immediately upon exposure. This includes physical and chemical barriers, like skin, mucus, and stomach acid, that prevent pathogens from entering the body. It also includes internal defenses like phagocytes that engulf and digest pathogens and inflammatory chemicals that attack foreign cells.
Acquired immunity develops over time as the immune system encounters pathogens. It relies on specialized cells like T cells and B cells that retain a "memory" of pathogens they have defeated. This allows faster, stronger responses to diseases upon re-exposure.
Plants and animals have also evolved genetic disease resistance through natural selection. For example, some people have mutations in a receptor that makes it harder for HIV to infect their immune cells. Such mutations have become more common in areas hard-hit by AIDS.
Selective breeding and biotechnology can introduce disease resistance into populations. For instance, papaya trees have been genetically engineered to resist ringspot virus. Other crops are bred to have tougher exterior layers or more bitter flavors to deter pests.
Boosting disease resistance is crucial for reducing illness and death. A healthy diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and avoiding toxins helps humans resist problems ranging from the common cold to cancer. Some seek extra protection from supplements like vitamin C, echinacea, and probiotics, though their impacts are debated.
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Now back to disease resistance! To summarize:
I hope this gives a helpful introduction to this important concept! Let me know if you have any other questions.